This is a problem for Darwinian evolution, anatomy is not specified by DNA, it is electricity!! Besides epigenetics, now bioelectricity , it seems that the information for the body development comes in layers of information, which contradicts the well known mantra ? mutations and natural selection ?, looks like Darwin was wrong one more time . ?For the past 65 years, the focus of developmental biology has been on DNA as the carrier of biological information. Researchers have typically assumed that genetic expression patterns alone are enough to determine embryonic development. To Levin, however, that explanation is unsatisfying. ?Where does shape come from? What makes an elephant different from a snake?? he asked. DNA can make proteins inside cells, he said, but ?there is nothing in the genome that directly specifies anatomy.? To develop properly, he maintains, tissues need spatial cues that must come from other sources in the embryo. At least some of that guidance, he and his team believe, is electrical.? ?In recent years, by working on tadpoles and other simple creatures, Levin?s laboratory has amassed evidence that the embryo is molded by bioelectrical signals, particularly ones that emanate from the young brain long before it is even a functional organ. Those results, if replicated in other organisms, may change our understanding of the roles of electrical phenomena and the nervous system in development, and perhaps more widely in biology. ?Levin?s findings will shake some rigid orthodoxy in the field,? said Sui Huang, a molecular biologist at the Institute for Systems Biology. If Levin?s work holds up, Huang continued, ?I think many developmental biologists will be stunned to see that the construction of the body plan is not due to local regulation of cells ? but is centrally orchestrated by the brain.?
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